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Research papers

  1. Spratt, D.E., Taiakina, V., Palmer, M., Guillemette, J.G. (2007): Differential Binding of Calmodulin Domains to Constitutive and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Enzymes. Biochemistry, in press
  2. El-Huneidi W, Mui R, Zhang TH, Palmer M. (2007): Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor/protein B does not bind to human IgG. Med Microbiol Immunol. 196:73-7
  3. Lang S, Spratt DE, Guillemette JG, Palmer M. (2006): Selective labeling of selenomethionine residues in proteins with a fluorescent derivative of benzyl bromide. Anal Biochem. 359:253-8.
  4. Lang, S., Xue, J., Guo, Z., Palmer, M. (2006): Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor binds to GPI-anchored proteins. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), epub.
  5. Lang, S., Spratt, D.E., Guillemette, J.G., Palmer, M (2005): Dual-targeted labeling of proteins using cysteine and selenomethionine residues. Anal. Biochem. (2005): 342, 271-9.
  6. Lang, S., Palmer, M. (2003): Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor as a pore-forming toxin. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 38167-73.
  7. Palmer, M. (2003): Efflux of cytoplasmically acting antibiotics from gram-negative bacteria: Periplasmic substrate capture by multi-component efflux pumps inferred from their cooperative action with single-component transporters. J. Bacteriol. 185, 5287-9
  8. Zitzer, A., Westover, E.J., Covey, D.F., Palmer, M. (2003): Differential interaction of the two cholesterol-dependent, membrane-damaging toxins, streptolysin O and Vibrio cholerae cytolysin, with enantiomeric cholesterol. FEBS Lett., in press
  9. Harris, J.R., Bhakdi, S., Meissner, U., Scheffler, D., Bittman, R., Li, G., Zitzer, A., Palmer, M. (2002): Interaction of the Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) with cholesterol, some cholesterol esters, and cholesterol derivatives: a TEM study. J. Struct. Biol. 139, 122-135.
  10. Valeva, A., Schnabel, R., Walev, I., Boukhallouk, F., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (2001). Membrane insertion of the heptameric staphylococcal alpha-toxin pore. A domino-like structural transition that is allosterically modulated by the target membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 14835-14841.
  11. Zitzer, A., Bittman, R., Verbicky, CA., Erukulla, RK., Bhakdi, S., Weis, S., Valeva, A., Palmer, M. (2001). Coupling of cholesterol and cone-shaped lipids in bilayers augments membrane permeabilization by the cholesterol-specific toxins streptolysin O and Vibrio cholerae cytolysin. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 14628-14633.
  12. Schindel, C., Zitzer, A., Schulte, B., Gerhards, A., Stanley, P., Hughes, C., Koronakis, V., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (2001). Interaction of Escherichia coli hemolysin with biological membranes. A study using cysteine scanning mutagenesis. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 800-808.
  13. Weis, S. and Palmer, M. (2001). Streptolysin O: the C-terminal, tryptophan-rich domain carries functional sites for both membrane binding and self interaction but not for stable oligomerization. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1510, 292-299.
  14. Zitzer, A., Harris, R., Kemminer, S.E., Zitzer, O., Bhakdi, S., Muething, J., and Palmer, M. (2000). Vibrio cholerae cytolysin: assembly and membrane insertion of the oligomeric pore are tightly linked and are not detectably restricted by membrane fluidity. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1509, 264-274.
  15. Valeva, A., Walev, I., Gerber, A., Klein, J., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (2000). Staphylococcal alpha-toxin: repair of a calcium-impermeable pore in the target cell membrane. Molecular Microbiology 36, 467-476.
  16. Abdel-Ghani, E.M., Weis, S., Walev, I., Kehoe, M., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1999). Streptolysin O: inhibition of the conformational change during membrane binding of the monomer prevents oligomerization and pore formation. Biochemistry 38, 15204-15211.
  17. Gonelle-Gispert, C., Halban, P.A., Niemann, H., Palmer, M., Catsicas, S., and Sadoul, K. (1999). SNAP-25a and -25b isoforms are both expressed in insulin-secreting cells and can function in insulin secretion. Biochem.J. 339, 159-166.
  18. Zitzer, A., Zitzer, O., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1999). Oligomerization of Vibrio cholerae cytolysin yields a pentameric pore and has a dual specificity for cholesterol and sphingolipids in the target membrane . J.Biol.Chem. 274, 1375-1380.
  19. Engel, F., Blatz, R., Schliebs, R., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Bacterial Cytolysin Perturbs Round Window Membrane Permeability Barrier In Vivo: Possible Cause of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Acute Otitis Media. Infect.Immun. 66, 343-346.
  20. Harris, J.R., Adrian, M., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1998). Cholesterol-Streptolysin O-Interaction: An EM Study of Wild-Type and Mutant Streptolysin O. J.Struct.Biol. 121, 343-355.
  21. Jahn, B., Rampp, A., Dick, C., Jahn, A., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Accumulation of Amphotericin B in Human Macrophages Enhances Activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Conodia: Quantification of Conidial Kill at the Single Cell Level. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 42, 2569-2575.
  22. Palmer, M., Harris, R., Freytag, C., Kehoe, M., Tranum-Jensen, J., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Assembly mechanism of the oligomeric streptolysin O pore: the early membrane lesion is lined by a free edge of the lipid membrane and is gradually extended during oligomerization. EMBO J. 17, 1598-1605.
  23. Palmer, M., Vulicevic, I., Saweljew, P., Valeva, A., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Streptolysin O: a proposed model of allosteric interaction between a pore-forming protein and its target lipid bilayer. Biochemistry 37, 2378-2383.
  24. Palmer, M., Buchkremer, M., Valeva, A., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Cysteine-specific radioiodination of proteins with fluorescein maleimide. Anal.Biochem. 253, 175-179.
  25. Valeva, A., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Staphylococcal alpha-Toxin: Formation of the heptameric pore is Partially Cooperative and Proceeds through Multiple Intermediate Stages. Biochemistry 36, 13298-13304.
  26. Valeva, A., Pongs, J., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1997). Staphylococcal alpha-toxin: the role of the N-terminus in formation of the heptameric pore - a fluorescence study. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1325, 281-6.
  27. Valeva, A., Walev, I., Pinkernell, M., Walker, B., Bayley, H., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Transmembrane beta-barrel of staphylococcal alpha-toxin forms in sensitive but not in resistant cells. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 94, 11607-11611.
  28. Zitzer, A., Palmer, M., Weller, U., Wassenaar, T., Biermann, C., Tranum Jensen, J., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Mode of primary binding to target membranes and pore formation induced by Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (hemolysin). Eur.J.Biochem. 247, 209-216.
  29. Palmer, M., Saweljew, P., Vulicevic, I., Valeva, A., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1996). Membrane-inserting Domain of streptolysin O identified by Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis. J.Biol.Chem. 271, 26664-26667.
  30. Valeva, A., Weisser, A., Walker, B., Kehoe, M., Bayley, H., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1996). Molecular architecture of a toxin pore: a 15-residue sequence lines the transmembrane channel of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. EMBO J. 15, 1857-1864.
  31. Walev, I., Vollmer, P., Palmer, M., Bhakdi, S., and Rose-John, S. (1996). Pore-forming toxins trigger shedding of receptors for interleukin 6 and lipopolysaccharide. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 93, 7882-7887.
  32. Weller, U., Mueller, L., Messner, M., Palmer, M., Valeva, A., Tranum-Jensen, J., Agrawal, P., Biermann, C., Doebereiner, A. , Kehoe, M.A., and Bhakdi, S. (1996). Expression of active streptolysin O in Escherichia coli as a maltose binding protein-streptolysin O fusion protein: the N-terminal 70 amino acids are not required for hemolytic activity. Eur.J.Biochem. 236, 34-39.
  33. Engel, F., Blatz, R., Kellner, J., Palmer, M., and Weller, U. (1995). Breakdown of the round window membrane permeability barrier evoked by streptolysin O: possible etiologic role in development of sensorineural hearing loss in acute otitis media. Infect.Immun. 63, 1305-1310.
  34. Palmer, M., Valeva, A., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Kinetics of streptolysin O self-assembly. Eur.J.Biochem. 231, 388-395.
  35. Pinkney, M., Kapur, V., Smith, J., Weller, U., Palmer, M., Glanville, M., Messner, M., Musser, J.M., Bhakdi, S., and Kehoe, M.A. (1995). Different forms of streptolysin O produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and by Escherichia coli expressing recombinant toxin: cleavage by streptococcal cysteine protease. Infect.Immun. 63, 2776-2779.
  36. Regazzi, R., Wollheim, C.B., Lang, J., Theler, J., Rossetto, O., Montecucco, C., Sadoul, K., Weller, U., Palmer, M., and Thorens, B. (1995). VAMP-2 and cellubrevin are expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and are essential for Ca2+-but not for GTP-induced insulin secretion. EMBO J. 14, 2723-2730.
  37. Valeva, A., Palmer, M., Hilgert, K., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Correct oligomerization is a prerequisite for insertion of the central molecular domain of staphylococcal alpha-toxin into the lipid bilayer. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1236, 213-218.
  38. Walev, I., Reske, K., Palmer, M., Valeva, A., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Potassium-inhibited processing of IL-1 beta in human monocytes. EMBO J. 14, 1607-1614.
  39. Walev, I., Palmer, M., Valeva, A., Weller, U., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Binding, oligomerization, and pore formation by streptolysin O in erythrocytes and fibroblast membranes: detection of nonlytic polymers. Infect.Immun. 63, 1188-1194.
  40. Zitzer, A., Walev, I., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Characterization of Vibrio cholerae El Tor cytolysin as an oligomerizing pore-forming toxin. Med.Microbiol.Immunol.Berl. 184, 37-44.
  41. Jonas, D., Walev, I., Berger, T., Liebetrau, M., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1994). Novel path to apoptosis: small transmembrane pores created by staphylococcal alpha-toxin in T lymphocytes evoke internucleosomal DNA degradation. Infect.Immun. 62, 1304-1312.
  42. Jonas, J.C., Li, G., Palmer, M., Weller, U., and Wollheim, C.B. (1994). Dynamics of Ca2+ and guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate action on insulin secretion from alpha-toxin-permeabilized HIT- T15 cells. Biochem.J. 301, 523-529.
  43. Walev, I., Palmer, M., Martin, E., Jonas, D., Weller, U., Hoehn-Bentz, H., Husmann, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1994). Recovery of human fibroblasts from attack by the pore-forming alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb.Pathog. 17, 187-201.
  44. Ward, R.J., Palmer, M., Leonard, K., and Bhakdi, S. (1994). Identification of a putative membrane-inserted segment in the alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 33, 7477-7484.
  45. Palmer, M., Weller, U., Messner, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1993). Altered pore-forming properties of proteolytically nicked staphylococcal alpha-toxin. J.Biol.Chem. 268, 11963-11967.
  46. Palmer, M., Jursch, R., Weller, U., Valeva, A., Hilgert, K., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1993). Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. Production of functionally intact, site-specifically modifiable protein by introduction of cysteine at positions 69, 130, and 186. J.Biol.Chem. 268, 11959-11962.
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Reviews

  1. Palmer M. Cholesterol and the activity of bacterial toxins. FEMS Microbiol Lett. (2004) 238, 281-9.
  2. Palmer, M. (2001). The Family of Thiol-activated, Cholesterol-Binding Toxins of Grampositive Bacteria. Toxicon 39, 1681-9.
  3. Bhakdi, S., Valeva, A., Walev, I., Zitzer, A., and Palmer, M. (1998). Pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Soc.Appl.Bacteriol.Symp.Ser. 27, 15S-25S.
  4. Palmer M. (1998). Staphyloccal alpha-toxin. Soc.Appl.Bacteriol.Symp.Ser. 27, 125S-126S.
  5. Bhakdi, S. Bayley, H., Valeva, A., Walev, I., Walker, B., Kehoe, M., Palmer, M. (1996). Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, and Escherichia coli hemolysin: prototypes of pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Arch.Microbiol. 165, 73-79.
  6. Bhakdi, S., Walev, I., Jonas, D., Palmer, M., Weller, U., Suttorp, N., Grimminger, F., Seeger, W. (1996). Pathogenesis of sepsis syndrome: possible relevance of pore-forming bacterial toxins. Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. 216:101-118.
  7. Bhakdi, S., Weller, U., Walev, I., Martin, E., Jonas, D., and Palmer, M. (1993). A Guide to the Use of Pore-forming Toxins for Controlled Permeabilization of Cell Membranes. Med.Microbiol.Immunol. 182, 167-175.
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Book Chapters

  1. Bhakdi, S, Valeva, A, Walev, I, Weller, U, Palmer, M: Pore-forming Toxins.In: Aktories, K. (ed.), Bacterial Toxins, Tools in Cell Biology (1997). Chapman & Hall
  2. Alouf, J.E. Palmer, M: Streptolysin O. In: Alouf. J.E. (ed.), Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 2. Auflage (1999). Academic Press
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