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Research papers

  1. Palmer, M.: Combination treatment of epilepsy with ketogenic diet and concurrent pharmacological inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1. Medical Hypotheses (2013), in press.
  2. Zhang, T.H., Muraih, J.K, Mintzer, E., Tishbi, N., Desert, C., Silverman., J.A., Taylor, S., Palmer, M.: Mutual inhibition through hybrid oligomer formation of daptomycin and the semisynthetic lipopeptide antibiotic CB-182,462. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2013), 828:302-308
  3. Brefo-Mensah, E.K., Palmer, M.: mol2chemfig, a tool for rendering chemical structures from molfile or SMILES format to LaTeX code. Journal of Cheminformatics (2012), 4:24
  4. Pokrajac, L., Harris, J.R., Sarraf, N., Palmer, M.: Oligomerization and Hemolytic Properties of the C-Terminal Domain of Pyolysin, a Cholesterol Dependent Cytolysin. Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (2012), in press
  5. Pokrajac, L., Baik, C., Harris, J.R., Sarraf, N., Palmer, M.: Partial Oligomerization of Pyolysin Induced by a Disulfide-Tethered Mutant. Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (2012), 90:709-717
  6. Muraih JK, Palmer M.: Estimation of the subunit stoichiometry of the membrane-associated daptomycin oligomer by FRET. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2012) 1818:1642-1647
  7. Muraih, J.K., Harris, J., Taylor, S.D, Palmer, M.: Characterization of daptomycin oligomerization with perylene excimer fluorescence: Stoichiometric binding of phosphatidylglycerol triggers oligomer formation (2012). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1818:673-678
  8. Muraih, J.K., Pearson, A., Silverman, J., Palmer, M.: Oligomerization of daptomycin on membranes (2011). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1808:1154-60
  9. Harris, J.R., Lewis, R.J., Baik, C., Pokrajac, L., Billington, S.J., and Palmer, M.: Cholesterol microcrystals and cochleate cylinders: Attachment of pyolysin oligomers and domain 4 (2011). J. Struct. Biol. 73:38-45
  10. Loehner, S., Walev, I., Boukhallouk, F., Palmer, M., Bhakdi, S., Valeva. A.: Pore formation by Vibrio cholerae cytolysin follows the same archetypical mode as beta-barrel toxins from gram-positive organisms (2009). FASEB J. (2009) 23:2521-8
  11. Spratt, D.E., Taiakina, V., Palmer, M., Guillemette, J.G.: FRET conformational analysis of calmodulin binding to nitric oxide synthase peptides and enzymes (2008). Biochemistry 47:12006-17
  12. Wu, X., Shen, Z., Zeng, X., Lang, S., Palmer, M, Guo, Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of sperm CD52 GPI anchor and related derivatives as binding receptors of pore-forming CAMP factor (2008). Carbohydr Res. 343:1718-29.
  13. Spratt, D.E., Taiakina, V., Palmer, M., Guillemette, J.G. (2007): Differential Binding of Calmodulin Domains to Constitutive and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Enzymes. Biochemistry, 46:8288-300
  14. El-Huneidi W, Mui R, Zhang TH, Palmer M. (2007): Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor/protein B does not bind to human IgG. Med Microbiol Immunol. 196:73-7
  15. Lang S, Spratt DE, Guillemette JG, Palmer M. (2006): Selective labeling of selenomethionine residues in proteins with a fluorescent derivative of benzyl bromide. Anal Biochem. 359:253-8.
  16. Lang, S., Xue, J., Guo, Z., Palmer, M. (2006): Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor binds to GPI-anchored proteins. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), epub.
  17. Lang, S., Spratt, D.E., Guillemette, J.G., Palmer, M (2005): Dual-targeted labeling of proteins using cysteine and selenomethionine residues. Anal. Biochem. (2005): 342, 271-9.
  18. Lang, S., Palmer, M. (2003): Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor as a pore-forming toxin. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 38167-73.
  19. Palmer, M. (2003): Efflux of cytoplasmically acting antibiotics from gram-negative bacteria: Periplasmic substrate capture by multi-component efflux pumps inferred from their cooperative action with single-component transporters. J. Bacteriol. 185, 5287-9
  20. Zitzer, A., Westover, E.J., Covey, D.F., Palmer, M. (2003): Differential interaction of the two cholesterol-dependent, membrane-damaging toxins, streptolysin O and Vibrio cholerae cytolysin, with enantiomeric cholesterol. FEBS Lett., in press
  21. Harris, J.R., Bhakdi, S., Meissner, U., Scheffler, D., Bittman, R., Li, G., Zitzer, A., Palmer, M. (2002): Interaction of the Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) with cholesterol, some cholesterol esters, and cholesterol derivatives: a TEM study. J. Struct. Biol. 139, 122-135.
  22. Valeva, A., Schnabel, R., Walev, I., Boukhallouk, F., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (2001). Membrane insertion of the heptameric staphylococcal alpha-toxin pore. A domino-like structural transition that is allosterically modulated by the target membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 14835-14841.
  23. Zitzer, A., Bittman, R., Verbicky, CA., Erukulla, RK., Bhakdi, S., Weis, S., Valeva, A., Palmer, M. (2001). Coupling of cholesterol and cone-shaped lipids in bilayers augments membrane permeabilization by the cholesterol-specific toxins streptolysin O and Vibrio cholerae cytolysin. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 14628-14633.
  24. Schindel, C., Zitzer, A., Schulte, B., Gerhards, A., Stanley, P., Hughes, C., Koronakis, V., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (2001). Interaction of Escherichia coli hemolysin with biological membranes. A study using cysteine scanning mutagenesis. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 800-808.
  25. Weis, S. and Palmer, M. (2001). Streptolysin O: the C-terminal, tryptophan-rich domain carries functional sites for both membrane binding and self interaction but not for stable oligomerization. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1510, 292-299.
  26. Zitzer, A., Harris, R., Kemminer, S.E., Zitzer, O., Bhakdi, S., Muething, J., and Palmer, M. (2000). Vibrio cholerae cytolysin: assembly and membrane insertion of the oligomeric pore are tightly linked and are not detectably restricted by membrane fluidity. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1509, 264-274.
  27. Valeva, A., Walev, I., Gerber, A., Klein, J., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (2000). Staphylococcal alpha-toxin: repair of a calcium-impermeable pore in the target cell membrane. Molecular Microbiology 36, 467-476.
  28. Abdel-Ghani, E.M., Weis, S., Walev, I., Kehoe, M., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1999). Streptolysin O: inhibition of the conformational change during membrane binding of the monomer prevents oligomerization and pore formation. Biochemistry 38, 15204-15211.
  29. Gonelle-Gispert, C., Halban, P.A., Niemann, H., Palmer, M., Catsicas, S., and Sadoul, K. (1999). SNAP-25a and -25b isoforms are both expressed in insulin-secreting cells and can function in insulin secretion. Biochem.J. 339, 159-166.
  30. Zitzer, A., Zitzer, O., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1999). Oligomerization of Vibrio cholerae cytolysin yields a pentameric pore and has a dual specificity for cholesterol and sphingolipids in the target membrane . J.Biol.Chem. 274, 1375-1380.
  31. Engel, F., Blatz, R., Schliebs, R., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Bacterial Cytolysin Perturbs Round Window Membrane Permeability Barrier In Vivo: Possible Cause of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Acute Otitis Media. Infect.Immun. 66, 343-346.
  32. Harris, J.R., Adrian, M., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1998). Cholesterol-Streptolysin O-Interaction: An EM Study of Wild-Type and Mutant Streptolysin O. J.Struct.Biol. 121, 343-355.
  33. Jahn, B., Rampp, A., Dick, C., Jahn, A., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Accumulation of Amphotericin B in Human Macrophages Enhances Activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Conodia: Quantification of Conidial Kill at the Single Cell Level. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 42, 2569-2575.
  34. Palmer, M., Harris, R., Freytag, C., Kehoe, M., Tranum-Jensen, J., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Assembly mechanism of the oligomeric streptolysin O pore: the early membrane lesion is lined by a free edge of the lipid membrane and is gradually extended during oligomerization. EMBO J. 17, 1598-1605.
  35. Palmer, M., Vulicevic, I., Saweljew, P., Valeva, A., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1998). Streptolysin O: a proposed model of allosteric interaction between a pore-forming protein and its target lipid bilayer. Biochemistry 37, 2378-2383.
  36. Palmer, M., Buchkremer, M., Valeva, A., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Cysteine-specific radioiodination of proteins with fluorescein maleimide. Anal.Biochem. 253, 175-179.
  37. Valeva, A., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Staphylococcal alpha-Toxin: Formation of the heptameric pore is Partially Cooperative and Proceeds through Multiple Intermediate Stages. Biochemistry 36, 13298-13304.
  38. Valeva, A., Pongs, J., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1997). Staphylococcal alpha-toxin: the role of the N-terminus in formation of the heptameric pore - a fluorescence study. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1325, 281-6.
  39. Valeva, A., Walev, I., Pinkernell, M., Walker, B., Bayley, H., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Transmembrane beta-barrel of staphylococcal alpha-toxin forms in sensitive but not in resistant cells. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 94, 11607-11611.
  40. Zitzer, A., Palmer, M., Weller, U., Wassenaar, T., Biermann, C., Tranum Jensen, J., and Bhakdi, S. (1997). Mode of primary binding to target membranes and pore formation induced by Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (hemolysin). Eur.J.Biochem. 247, 209-216.
  41. Palmer, M., Saweljew, P., Vulicevic, I., Valeva, A., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1996). Membrane-inserting Domain of streptolysin O identified by Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis. J.Biol.Chem. 271, 26664-26667.
  42. Valeva, A., Weisser, A., Walker, B., Kehoe, M., Bayley, H., Bhakdi, S., and Palmer, M. (1996). Molecular architecture of a toxin pore: a 15-residue sequence lines the transmembrane channel of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. EMBO J. 15, 1857-1864.
  43. Walev, I., Vollmer, P., Palmer, M., Bhakdi, S., and Rose-John, S. (1996). Pore-forming toxins trigger shedding of receptors for interleukin 6 and lipopolysaccharide. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 93, 7882-7887.
  44. Weller, U., Mueller, L., Messner, M., Palmer, M., Valeva, A., Tranum-Jensen, J., Agrawal, P., Biermann, C., Doebereiner, A. , Kehoe, M.A., and Bhakdi, S. (1996). Expression of active streptolysin O in Escherichia coli as a maltose binding protein-streptolysin O fusion protein: the N-terminal 70 amino acids are not required for hemolytic activity. Eur.J.Biochem. 236, 34-39.
  45. Engel, F., Blatz, R., Kellner, J., Palmer, M., and Weller, U. (1995). Breakdown of the round window membrane permeability barrier evoked by streptolysin O: possible etiologic role in development of sensorineural hearing loss in acute otitis media. Infect.Immun. 63, 1305-1310.
  46. Palmer, M., Valeva, A., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Kinetics of streptolysin O self-assembly. Eur.J.Biochem. 231, 388-395.
  47. Pinkney, M., Kapur, V., Smith, J., Weller, U., Palmer, M., Glanville, M., Messner, M., Musser, J.M., Bhakdi, S., and Kehoe, M.A. (1995). Different forms of streptolysin O produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and by Escherichia coli expressing recombinant toxin: cleavage by streptococcal cysteine protease. Infect.Immun. 63, 2776-2779.
  48. Regazzi, R., Wollheim, C.B., Lang, J., Theler, J., Rossetto, O., Montecucco, C., Sadoul, K., Weller, U., Palmer, M., and Thorens, B. (1995). VAMP-2 and cellubrevin are expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and are essential for Ca2+-but not for GTP-induced insulin secretion. EMBO J. 14, 2723-2730.
  49. Valeva, A., Palmer, M., Hilgert, K., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Correct oligomerization is a prerequisite for insertion of the central molecular domain of staphylococcal alpha-toxin into the lipid bilayer. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1236, 213-218.
  50. Walev, I., Reske, K., Palmer, M., Valeva, A., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Potassium-inhibited processing of IL-1 beta in human monocytes. EMBO J. 14, 1607-1614.
  51. Walev, I., Palmer, M., Valeva, A., Weller, U., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Binding, oligomerization, and pore formation by streptolysin O in erythrocytes and fibroblast membranes: detection of nonlytic polymers. Infect.Immun. 63, 1188-1194.
  52. Zitzer, A., Walev, I., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1995). Characterization of Vibrio cholerae El Tor cytolysin as an oligomerizing pore-forming toxin. Med.Microbiol.Immunol.Berl. 184, 37-44.
  53. Jonas, D., Walev, I., Berger, T., Liebetrau, M., Palmer, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1994). Novel path to apoptosis: small transmembrane pores created by staphylococcal alpha-toxin in T lymphocytes evoke internucleosomal DNA degradation. Infect.Immun. 62, 1304-1312.
  54. Jonas, J.C., Li, G., Palmer, M., Weller, U., and Wollheim, C.B. (1994). Dynamics of Ca2+ and guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate action on insulin secretion from alpha-toxin-permeabilized HIT- T15 cells. Biochem.J. 301, 523-529.
  55. Walev, I., Palmer, M., Martin, E., Jonas, D., Weller, U., Hoehn-Bentz, H., Husmann, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1994). Recovery of human fibroblasts from attack by the pore-forming alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb.Pathog. 17, 187-201.
  56. Ward, R.J., Palmer, M., Leonard, K., and Bhakdi, S. (1994). Identification of a putative membrane-inserted segment in the alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 33, 7477-7484.
  57. Palmer, M., Weller, U., Messner, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1993). Altered pore-forming properties of proteolytically nicked staphylococcal alpha-toxin. J.Biol.Chem. 268, 11963-11967.
  58. Palmer, M., Jursch, R., Weller, U., Valeva, A., Hilgert, K., Kehoe, M., and Bhakdi, S. (1993). Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. Production of functionally intact, site-specifically modifiable protein by introduction of cysteine at positions 69, 130, and 186. J.Biol.Chem. 268, 11959-11962.
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Reviews

  1. Palmer M. Cholesterol and the activity of bacterial toxins. FEMS Microbiol Lett. (2004) 238, 281-9.
  2. Palmer, M. (2001). The Family of Thiol-activated, Cholesterol-Binding Toxins of Grampositive Bacteria. Toxicon 39, 1681-9.
  3. Bhakdi, S., Valeva, A., Walev, I., Zitzer, A., and Palmer, M. (1998). Pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Soc.Appl.Bacteriol.Symp.Ser. 27, 15S-25S.
  4. Palmer M. (1998). Staphyloccal alpha-toxin. Soc.Appl.Bacteriol.Symp.Ser. 27, 125S-126S.
  5. Bhakdi, S. Bayley, H., Valeva, A., Walev, I., Walker, B., Kehoe, M., Palmer, M. (1996). Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, and Escherichia coli hemolysin: prototypes of pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Arch.Microbiol. 165, 73-79.
  6. Bhakdi, S., Walev, I., Jonas, D., Palmer, M., Weller, U., Suttorp, N., Grimminger, F., Seeger, W. (1996). Pathogenesis of sepsis syndrome: possible relevance of pore-forming bacterial toxins. Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. 216:101-118.
  7. Bhakdi, S., Weller, U., Walev, I., Martin, E., Jonas, D., and Palmer, M. (1993). A Guide to the Use of Pore-forming Toxins for Controlled Permeabilization of Cell Membranes. Med.Microbiol.Immunol. 182, 167-175.
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Books

  1. Palmer, M., Chan, A., Dieckmann, T., Honek, J.: Biochemical Pharmacology (2012), John Wiley & Sons
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Book Chapters

  1. Bhakdi, S, Valeva, A, Walev, I, Weller, U, Palmer, M: Pore-forming Toxins.In: Aktories, K. (ed.), Bacterial Toxins, Tools in Cell Biology (1997). Chapman & Hall
  2. Alouf, J.E. Palmer, M: Streptolysin O. In: Alouf. J.E. (ed.), Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 2. Auflage (1999). Academic Press
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